Behind the Moon ISBN 9. PDF epub . Gibbo is strongly attracted to beautiful, dainty Linh, to whom he is a kid, her daughter. And Justin discovers that he likes Gibbo as something more than a friend. The three draw apart as they grow up, only to be reunited once more on Saturday, September 6, 1. Mrs. Cheong hosts for them and their parents, to watch the funeral of Princess Diana on television. This Dead Diana Dinner turns out to be a more explosive event than any of them would have dreamed possible. Behind the Moon av Hsu-Ming Teo (e-bok, 2007. Tien Hodaughter of a Vietnamese mother who stayed behind and an African American soldier she has never.Teo Children’s historical fiction! Hsu-Ming Teo History, the. The Australian/Vogel Literary Award and her second novel Behind the moon. Australian’: Renegotiating Mateship, Masculinity and
From the Trade Paperback edition. AHR 5. 4 (May 2. 01. Hsu- Ming Teo: Orientalism: An Overview. In mid- 1. 98. 2, an intellectual stoush broke out in the pages of the New York Review of Books between the British- born Orientalist and conservative political commentator Bernard Lewis and the Columbia University professor of comparative literature and pro- Palestinian activist Edward Said. According to Lewis, the anti- Orientalists implied that the scholarship of Orientalists was a fraudulent conspiracy to subjugate the Oriental world, to justify historic British and French imperialism in the region, and to promote contemporary neo- colonial and pro- Zionist American foreign policies. Lewis focused his attack on Said, accusing him of factual errors in his criticisms of academic Orientalists; of arbitrarily selecting the works of French and British Orientalists which supported his argument while ignoring the works of German and Russian Orientalists which did not; of being ignorant of Oriental languages; and of neglecting the work of contemporary Arab and Muslim scholars. In short, Lewis contended, Said . Download free software Behind The Moon Hsu Ming Teo Pdf; Difference Between Primary And Secondary Research Pdf free download programs; British Literature Traditions. The singling out of Said was not unexpected; Said (. In his response to the New York Review of Books, Said (. The attack had descended to the level of the personal as well as polemical; Lewis (. It was the fact that the very meaning of the word . Before the publication of Said’s highly influential and equally controversial book Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient (1. Orientalism had referred to the scholarly study of the languages and cultures of . By the nineteenth century, Orientalism also denoted a particular genre of Romantic painting whose subject was the sensuous and exotic Orient exemplified by European artists such as Jean- Auguste- Dominique Ingres, Jean- L. After Said’s book, however, Orientalism became a pejorative term connoting false, prejudiced and totalising European representations of the Oriental world produced by Orientalist scholars specifically to justify and secure European colonial domination over this region, especially from the late eighteenth century onwards. In its new guise, Orientalism was a discourse constituted of the various statements and representations—religious, academic, political, literary, aesthetic, commercial and psychological—produced by the West about the East, sustained and circulated through Western imperial power and cultural hegemony. To Said, Orientalism was much more than false or negative images about the Orient. It was a process by which the West deliberately . Orientalism permitted Westerners to make sweeping negative generalisations about, for instance, . But he was certainly the most famous and widely read of the anti- Orientalists. His book provoked much criticism and admiration, and continues to have an impact on research in the humanities to this day. This essay examines the historical context and impact of Orientalism and considers its legacy. Background: the Orientalists. European curiosity about Islam had developed in the context of the medieval crusades (both the lengthy process of Christian reconquest of the Iberian peninsula and the crusades to the Holy Land) but it was the increasing trade as well as complex military conflicts and alliances with the Ottoman empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that gave rise to European travelogues and scholarly tomes about the . The eighteenth century saw further contact with other Oriental regions: conflicts with the North African . Such encounters were accompanied by the rise of serious philological studies of Oriental languages and classical texts, particularly Sanskrit. Meanwhile, Enlightenment thinkers such as Montesquieu began to use existing European knowledge about the Orient to compare and contrast different European and Oriental political systems. The study of the Orient became institutionalised when the philologist and Sanskrit scholar Sir William Jones established the Asiatic Society in Calcutta in 1. School of Living Oriental Languages was established in Paris at the height of the French Revolution in 1. Similar scholarly Orientalist institutions or organisations were established in other European countries as well as the United States in the early nineteenth century, giving rise to training centres for the Persian, Turkish, Hebrew and Arabic languages, among others. The study of Oriental philology began before formal European colonial contact with the Oriental world, motivated by curiosity and admiration for Indo- Persian and other Oriental literature. Yet from the eighteenth century onwards, scholarly Orientalism developed in conjunction with the needs of expanding western European states, while colonial conquests in Oriental realms brought more opportunities to develop Orientalist scholarship and expertise. Perhaps the clearest example of how colonial conquest could be prompted by, and subsequently stimulate, Orientalist scholarship lies in Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1. Napoleon’s conquest was partly inspired and informed by the comte de Volney’s description of Egypt in Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie (1. The Bonapartist occupation of Egypt in turn enabled Orientalist scholars to produce the multi- volume encyclopaedic work Description de l’. As Zachary Lockman (ch. Orientalist scholarship deployed particularly by the British and French in their dealings with their colonies in the Oriental world was firmly established by the mid- nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth century, exemplified in the works of Silvestre de Sacy, Ernest Renan, Snouck Hurgronje, Edward Lane, Richard Francis Burton, Lord Cromer, D. G. Lawrence, and Gertrude Bell. All these Orientalists produced works which aided the policy development and administration of Muslim majority colonies by the French and British in the Middle East, and the Dutch in Indonesia. Yet the relationship between Orientalist scholarship and colonial conquest was never straightforwardly complicit. As David Kopf has argued, British Orientalists in India during the 1. Hindu cultures and peoples against the encroachments of British colonial administrators and their attempts to Anglicise the local population in order to facilitate colonial rule. Moreover, the scholarship of the British Orientalists also stimulated the revival of a modern Hinduism around which anti- colonial and nationalist movements would later coalesce—something which was recognised by Nehru (Kopf 4. Throughout the nineteenth century, Orientalists studying the Arab and Persian worlds such as Wilfred Scawen Blunt and Edward Browne also used their scholarship to pursue anti- imperial agendas, and to criticise British attempts to dominate these regions. These alternative voices, however, tended to be marginalised, drowned out by the overwhelming clamour among mainstream Orientalists and colonial administrators and policy makers that . The United States symbolically inherited the institutional relationship between imperial state and scholar when Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb moved from Oxford to Harvard in 1. Cold War. Gibb, author of Modern Trends in Islam (1. Harold Bowen of Islamic Society and the West: A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East (1. Encyclopedia of Islam, found a receptive audience for his views in America. Lockman has noted that mid- twentieth century American Orientalists, like their nineteenth century European counterparts, concentrated on philology and believed that the Islamic world was . A scholar with mastery of the main languages and classical texts of Islamic high civilization was still presumed to be able to pronounce on almost anything related to Islam, across vast stretches of time and space’ (Lockman 1. Gibb made grand, sweeping statements about the . That was left to area studies sociologists such as Daniel Lerner who, in his highly influential book The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (1. Middle East were due to . There was little room in Lerner’s account for the explanatory role of the legacies of colonialism, foreign control of oil and other resources in the region, and American attempts to shore up corrupt anti- communist regimes. Likewise, former US diplomat to Egypt John S. Badeau, in The American Approach to the Arab World (1. Johnson administration to support . Badeau also wanted the American government to strengthen trade with conservative countries like Iran, reasoning that if Iranians had access to American consumer goods, this would consolidate capitalism and stave off revolution (Little 1. Advice—solicited or not—on US foreign policy in the Middle East tended to be the province of the modernisation theorists until the intervention of Bernard Lewis who, like Gibb before him, made the move from the old imperial power to the new one in 1. University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) to Princeton University. Lewis was a philologist who began teaching Islamic history at SOAS in 1. British Army and then the Foreign Office during the Second World War. He resumed his career in SOAS after the war and his early scholarship focused mainly on medieval Arab history. After publishing The Arabs in History (1. Gibb, he served as an editor of the Encyclopedia of Islam. Unlike Gibb and other Orientalists, Lewis leveraged his expertise on medieval Islam to comment on contemporary political events in the Middle East. In 1. 95. 3 he delivered a lecture on . Islam, asserted Lewis, shared much in common with communism: a totalitarian doctrine, a sense of belonging and mission to entice their followers, and a collectivist ethos. This explained the popularity of socialist movements in the Middle East and support for the Soviet Union (Lockman 1. Later at Princeton, Lewis would contribute a chapter on . Vatikiotis’s edited volume Revolution in the Middle East, and Other Case Studies (1.
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